wafa's thought

Rabu, 27 November 2013

THE TERMS OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC STAIN SALATIGA







THE TERMS OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC
STAIN SALATIGA
Zaenul Wafa

Speech community- any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language usage
Repertoires- sets of styles, codes and linguistic information possessed by members of the community, selected according to social needs
Speech act- routine ways of speaking; utterances that involve both language and social information; e.g., promise, argue, joke utter, dare, curse, disdain (?)
Speech event- social interactional event involving communication; how speech resources of the community are largely put to use
compound bilinguals  Bilinguals who learned one language after (and so through) another.  co-ordinate bilinguals  Bilinguals who have learned each language in separate contexts and so keep them distinct.
 Jakobson's functions of speech:
Function Focus (or aspect)
referential, cognitive context
poetic message
metalinguistic code
directive, conative adressee (R)
emotive, expressive S
contact phatic, interaction management
Linguistics Vs. Sociolinguistics
Focus on the Sentence speech acts, events, discourse
utterance
Qualitative units (predicate, etc.) some quantification of linguistic
units
Absolute rules (variable) rules in their social context
Ideal speaker/hearer (competence) real speaker/hearer (performance)
Homogeneous speech community heterogeneous
Cognitive/referential function other functions as well as logico/
perceptual function
product process
replication of uniformity model organization of diversity model
Codes: Language- e.g., English
Dialect- e.g., Nigerian English
Register- e.g., Baby talk
Style- e.g., intimate
Genre- e.g., Joke
Idiolect- Idiosyncrasies of individual speech
Accent- difference of pronunciation (often associated with regional dialect)
Dialect- difference between kinds of language in terms of vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation (sometimes really separate language, or "languages" are really just dialects); regional and ethnic association
Standard- the dialect or variety of the dominant socioeconomic group
- often the written variety, or that taught in class
- sometimes a 'high' variety (cf. "Diglossia" article)
Lingua Franca- second language spoken by common agreement by people from different language communities for social, economic or political purposes
Pidgin- lingua franca with no native speakers (so-called "broken"); results from merger of two or more languages, involving simplification so that a new, but rudimentary language emerges in a special contact situation; there are fewer lexical items, simpler grammar, and reduction of stylistic range
Creolization- occurs when children learn a pidgin as a first language, which then becomes the creole, reacquiring the characteristics of a full language
Slang- special informal vocabulary
Cant- underworld slang
Argot- specialized terminology in general (so includes cant)
Jargon- specialized terminology that may spread from a narrow group (e.g., professional jargon) until used or understood by population at large. Sometimes slang, cant, argot, and jargon are used interchangeably, especially the latter three.

Speech acts- according to Austin and Searle, there are four important categories of speech acts:
Utterance acts are simply acts of uttering sounds, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences from a language. From a speech act point of view, these are not very interesting, because an utterance act per se is not communicative (a parrot can do one).
Illocutionary act is performed in uttering something
Perlocutionary act is performed by uttering something; which produces an effect on the hearer
Propositional acts have to do with the content of utterances, the basic acts of referring and predicating, wherein a speaker refers to something and then characterizes it
Illocutionary acts can often be successfully performed simply by uttering the right explicit performative sentence, with the right intentions and beliefs, and under the right circumstances., e.g.
(15) a. I (hereby) order you to leave.
b. I (hereby) promise to pay.
c. I (hereby) appoint you chairman.
Unlike perlocutionary acts, illocutionary acts are central to communication. Our conversations are composed of statements, suggestions, requests, proposals, greetings and the like. When we do perform perlocutionary acts such as persuading or intimidating, we do so by performing illocutionary acts such as stating or threatening. Illocutionary acts have the feature that one performs them simply by getting one's illocutionary intentions recognized.

CREOLE            A : pidgin once it has native speakers.
PIDGIN            : A variety of a language that is not a native language of anyone, but is learned in contact situations.
CREOLIZATION           : Changes in a pidgin as a result of adding vitality or mother tongue speakers.
DIACHRONIC VARIATION       Changes in a language over time.
DIALECT          : A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or (a social...) by a specific social class.
DIALECTOLOGY              The search for spatially and geographically determined differences in various aspects of the language.
diglossia : A situation when two distinct varieties of the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of functions.
domain   : Typical social situation with three defining characteristics: place, role-relationship, and topic.
jargon   : Speech used by a marked group of people such as a trade or occupation.
Zaenul Wafa

Speech community- any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language usage
Repertoires- sets of styles, codes and linguistic information possessed by members of the community, selected according to social needs
Speech act- routine ways of speaking; utterances that involve both language and social information; e.g., promise, argue, joke utter, dare, curse, disdain (?)
Speech event- social interactional event involving communication; how speech resources of the community are largely put to use
compound bilinguals  Bilinguals who learned one language after (and so through) another.  co-ordinate bilinguals  Bilinguals who have learned each language in separate contexts and so keep them distinct.
 Jakobson's functions of speech:
Function Focus (or aspect)
referential, cognitive context
poetic message
metalinguistic code
directive, conative adressee (R)
emotive, expressive S
contact phatic, interaction management
Linguistics Vs. Sociolinguistics
Focus on the Sentence speech acts, events, discourse
utterance
Qualitative units (predicate, etc.) some quantification of linguistic
units
Absolute rules (variable) rules in their social context
Ideal speaker/hearer (competence) real speaker/hearer (performance)
Homogeneous speech community heterogeneous
Cognitive/referential function other functions as well as logico/
perceptual function
product process
replication of uniformity model organization of diversity model
Codes: Language- e.g., English
Dialect- e.g., Nigerian English
Register- e.g., Baby talk
Style- e.g., intimate
Genre- e.g., Joke
Idiolect- Idiosyncrasies of individual speech
Accent- difference of pronunciation (often associated with regional dialect)
Dialect- difference between kinds of language in terms of vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation (sometimes really separate language, or "languages" are really just dialects); regional and ethnic association
Standard- the dialect or variety of the dominant socioeconomic group
- often the written variety, or that taught in class
- sometimes a 'high' variety (cf. "Diglossia" article)
Lingua Franca- second language spoken by common agreement by people from different language communities for social, economic or political purposes
Pidgin- lingua franca with no native speakers (so-called "broken"); results from merger of two or more languages, involving simplification so that a new, but rudimentary language emerges in a special contact situation; there are fewer lexical items, simpler grammar, and reduction of stylistic range
Creolization- occurs when children learn a pidgin as a first language, which then becomes the creole, reacquiring the characteristics of a full language
Slang- special informal vocabulary
Cant- underworld slang
Argot- specialized terminology in general (so includes cant)
Jargon- specialized terminology that may spread from a narrow group (e.g., professional jargon) until used or understood by population at large. Sometimes slang, cant, argot, and jargon are used interchangeably, especially the latter three.

Speech acts- according to Austin and Searle, there are four important categories of speech acts:
Utterance acts are simply acts of uttering sounds, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences from a language. From a speech act point of view, these are not very interesting, because an utterance act per se is not communicative (a parrot can do one).
Illocutionary act is performed in uttering something
Perlocutionary act is performed by uttering something; which produces an effect on the hearer
Propositional acts have to do with the content of utterances, the basic acts of referring and predicating, wherein a speaker refers to something and then characterizes it
Illocutionary acts can often be successfully performed simply by uttering the right explicit performative sentence, with the right intentions and beliefs, and under the right circumstances., e.g.
(15) a. I (hereby) order you to leave.
b. I (hereby) promise to pay.
c. I (hereby) appoint you chairman.
Unlike perlocutionary acts, illocutionary acts are central to communication. Our conversations are composed of statements, suggestions, requests, proposals, greetings and the like. When we do perform perlocutionary acts such as persuading or intimidating, we do so by performing illocutionary acts such as stating or threatening. Illocutionary acts have the feature that one performs them simply by getting one's illocutionary intentions recognized.

CREOLE            A : pidgin once it has native speakers.
PIDGIN            : A variety of a language that is not a native language of anyone, but is learned in contact situations.
CREOLIZATION           : Changes in a pidgin as a result of adding vitality or mother tongue speakers.
DIACHRONIC VARIATION       Changes in a language over time.
DIALECT          : A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or (a social...) by a specific social class.
DIALECTOLOGY              The search for spatially and geographically determined differences in various aspects of the language.
diglossia : A situation when two distinct varieties of the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of functions.
domain   : Typical social situation with three defining characteristics: place, role-relationship, and topic.
jargon   : Speech used by a marked group of people such as a trade or occupation.

Menjadi siswa terbaik ( Be the best student )



Menjadi siswa yang seutuhnya
                Siswa adalah calon dan sekaligus aktor keberlangsungan generasi bangsa ini. Dari siswa inilah masa depan bangsa dipertaruhkan. Dan jika seandainya para siswa generasi masa depan ini tidak bisa mempertahankan status kesiswaanya maka sulit sekali membayangkan terbentuknya Negara dengan pemimpin-pemimpin yang baik.
Dipungkiri atau tidak dari bangku sekolah seperti ini para pemimpin-pemimpin kecil dilahirkan dan di didik, hal yang seharusnya dilakukan seorang siswa adalah mempersiapkan apa yang harus dan wajib ia miliki untuk mempersiapkan dirinya kelak saat hidup sebagai masyarakat. Mengerti dan pahamilah biasakaanlah dengan mencari pengalaman sebagai seorang siswa yang hidup di sekolah contohnya mengikuti kegiatan ekstrakulikuler dan ikut aktif dalam organisai sekolah karena tidak selamanya kita akan berada dan sekolah terus. Pertanyaan nya adalah apa hubunganya menjadi siswa seutuhnya dengan aktif dikegiatan sekolah? Izinkan saya menjelaskan dalam selembar kertas putih ini siswa seutuhnya adalah 

1. Seorang siswa yang mau mengikhlaskan hatinya untuk mengeksplorasi (mengembangkan) kemampuan yang sebenarnya Tuhan sudah titipkan pada diri setiap manusia.
2. Seorang siswa yang mau merelakan kesenangan-kesenangan kecil yang dunia ini tawarkan yang sifatnya sesaat (nonton TV dirumah, ngobrol berjam-jam tanpa arah dengan teman dari sekolah lain tentang cewek atau cowok, tidur dari selesai pulang sekolah sampai jam 4 sore dll )
3. Seorang siswa yang berani meyakinkan dirinya untuk selalu semangat dalam memperkaya pengetahuan saat teman-teman sebangkunya sedang asyik santai dan mengganggunya dalam belajar.
Dari tiga pengertian menjadi siswa seutuhnya diatas sebenarnya pengertian menjadi siswa sutuhnya itu kembali pada setiap diri siswa bahwa mulailah dengan menentukan dan memutuskan untuk menjadi siswa yang tidak hanya berangkat sekolah terus pulang dan tidur. Jalani status sebagai siswa ini sebagai masa yang wajib digunakan untuk mengembangkan potensi diri karena bagaimanapun juga akan ada waktu dimana setiap manusia akan menyesali terhadap apa yang telah ia jalani.