THE
TERMS OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC
STAIN
SALATIGA
Zaenul
Wafa
Speech community- any human
aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a
shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant
differences in language usage
Repertoires- sets of styles, codes and linguistic
information possessed by members of the community, selected according to social
needs
Speech act- routine ways of speaking; utterances
that involve both language and social information; e.g., promise, argue, joke
utter, dare, curse, disdain (?)
Speech event- social interactional event involving
communication; how speech resources of the community are largely put to use
compound bilinguals Bilinguals who learned one language after
(and so through) another. co-ordinate
bilinguals Bilinguals who have learned
each language in separate contexts and so keep them distinct.
Jakobson's
functions of speech:
Function Focus (or aspect)
referential, cognitive context
poetic message
metalinguistic code
directive, conative adressee (R)
emotive, expressive S
contact phatic, interaction management
Function Focus (or aspect)
referential, cognitive context
poetic message
metalinguistic code
directive, conative adressee (R)
emotive, expressive S
contact phatic, interaction management
Linguistics Vs. Sociolinguistics
Focus on the Sentence speech acts, events, discourse
utterance
Qualitative units (predicate, etc.) some quantification of linguistic
units
Absolute rules (variable) rules in their social context
Ideal speaker/hearer (competence) real speaker/hearer (performance)
Homogeneous speech community heterogeneous
Cognitive/referential function other functions as well as logico/
perceptual function
product process
replication of uniformity model organization of diversity model
Focus on the Sentence speech acts, events, discourse
utterance
Qualitative units (predicate, etc.) some quantification of linguistic
units
Absolute rules (variable) rules in their social context
Ideal speaker/hearer (competence) real speaker/hearer (performance)
Homogeneous speech community heterogeneous
Cognitive/referential function other functions as well as logico/
perceptual function
product process
replication of uniformity model organization of diversity model
Codes: Language- e.g., English
Dialect- e.g., Nigerian English
Register- e.g., Baby talk
Style- e.g., intimate
Genre- e.g., Joke
Idiolect- Idiosyncrasies of individual speech
Dialect- e.g., Nigerian English
Register- e.g., Baby talk
Style- e.g., intimate
Genre- e.g., Joke
Idiolect- Idiosyncrasies of individual speech
Accent- difference of pronunciation (often associated
with regional dialect)
Dialect- difference between kinds of language in
terms of vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation (sometimes really
separate language, or "languages" are really just dialects); regional
and ethnic association
Standard- the dialect or variety of the dominant
socioeconomic group
- often the written variety, or that taught in class
- sometimes a 'high' variety (cf. "Diglossia" article)
- often the written variety, or that taught in class
- sometimes a 'high' variety (cf. "Diglossia" article)
Lingua Franca- second language spoken by common
agreement by people from different language communities for social, economic or
political purposes
Pidgin- lingua franca with no native speakers
(so-called "broken"); results from merger of two or more languages,
involving simplification so that a new, but rudimentary language emerges in a special
contact situation; there are fewer lexical items, simpler grammar, and
reduction of stylistic range
Creolization- occurs when children learn a pidgin
as a first language, which then becomes the creole, reacquiring the
characteristics of a full language
Slang- special informal vocabulary
Cant- underworld slang
Argot- specialized terminology in general (so
includes cant)
Jargon- specialized terminology that may spread
from a narrow group (e.g., professional jargon) until used or understood by
population at large. Sometimes slang, cant, argot, and jargon are used
interchangeably, especially the latter three.
Speech acts- according to Austin and Searle, there
are four important categories of speech acts:
Utterance acts are simply acts of uttering sounds, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences from a language. From a speech act point of view, these are not very interesting, because an utterance act per se is not communicative (a parrot can do one).
Illocutionary act is performed in uttering something
Perlocutionary act is performed by uttering something; which produces an effect on the hearer
Propositional acts have to do with the content of utterances, the basic acts of referring and predicating, wherein a speaker refers to something and then characterizes it
Utterance acts are simply acts of uttering sounds, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences from a language. From a speech act point of view, these are not very interesting, because an utterance act per se is not communicative (a parrot can do one).
Illocutionary act is performed in uttering something
Perlocutionary act is performed by uttering something; which produces an effect on the hearer
Propositional acts have to do with the content of utterances, the basic acts of referring and predicating, wherein a speaker refers to something and then characterizes it
Illocutionary acts can often be successfully
performed simply by uttering the right explicit performative sentence, with the
right intentions and beliefs, and under the right circumstances., e.g.
(15) a. I (hereby) order you to leave.
b. I (hereby) promise to pay.
c. I (hereby) appoint you chairman.
Unlike perlocutionary acts, illocutionary acts are central to communication. Our conversations are composed of statements, suggestions, requests, proposals, greetings and the like. When we do perform perlocutionary acts such as persuading or intimidating, we do so by performing illocutionary acts such as stating or threatening. Illocutionary acts have the feature that one performs them simply by getting one's illocutionary intentions recognized.
(15) a. I (hereby) order you to leave.
b. I (hereby) promise to pay.
c. I (hereby) appoint you chairman.
Unlike perlocutionary acts, illocutionary acts are central to communication. Our conversations are composed of statements, suggestions, requests, proposals, greetings and the like. When we do perform perlocutionary acts such as persuading or intimidating, we do so by performing illocutionary acts such as stating or threatening. Illocutionary acts have the feature that one performs them simply by getting one's illocutionary intentions recognized.
CREOLE A : pidgin once it has native
speakers.
PIDGIN : A variety of a language that is
not a native language of anyone, but is learned in contact situations.
CREOLIZATION : Changes in a pidgin as a result of
adding vitality or mother tongue speakers.
DIACHRONIC VARIATION Changes in a language over time.
DIALECT : A variety of a language used
recognizably in a specific region or (a social...) by a specific social class.
DIALECTOLOGY
The search for spatially and geographically determined differences in
various aspects of the language.
diglossia : A situation when two distinct varieties of
the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of functions.
domain : Typical social situation with three
defining characteristics: place, role-relationship, and topic.
jargon : Speech used by a marked group of people
such as a trade or occupation.
Zaenul
Wafa
Speech community- any human
aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a
shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant
differences in language usage
Repertoires- sets of styles, codes and linguistic
information possessed by members of the community, selected according to social
needs
Speech act- routine ways of speaking; utterances
that involve both language and social information; e.g., promise, argue, joke
utter, dare, curse, disdain (?)
Speech event- social interactional event involving
communication; how speech resources of the community are largely put to use
compound bilinguals Bilinguals who learned one language after
(and so through) another. co-ordinate
bilinguals Bilinguals who have learned
each language in separate contexts and so keep them distinct.
Jakobson's
functions of speech:
Function Focus (or aspect)
referential, cognitive context
poetic message
metalinguistic code
directive, conative adressee (R)
emotive, expressive S
contact phatic, interaction management
Function Focus (or aspect)
referential, cognitive context
poetic message
metalinguistic code
directive, conative adressee (R)
emotive, expressive S
contact phatic, interaction management
Linguistics Vs. Sociolinguistics
Focus on the Sentence speech acts, events, discourse
utterance
Qualitative units (predicate, etc.) some quantification of linguistic
units
Absolute rules (variable) rules in their social context
Ideal speaker/hearer (competence) real speaker/hearer (performance)
Homogeneous speech community heterogeneous
Cognitive/referential function other functions as well as logico/
perceptual function
product process
replication of uniformity model organization of diversity model
Focus on the Sentence speech acts, events, discourse
utterance
Qualitative units (predicate, etc.) some quantification of linguistic
units
Absolute rules (variable) rules in their social context
Ideal speaker/hearer (competence) real speaker/hearer (performance)
Homogeneous speech community heterogeneous
Cognitive/referential function other functions as well as logico/
perceptual function
product process
replication of uniformity model organization of diversity model
Codes: Language- e.g., English
Dialect- e.g., Nigerian English
Register- e.g., Baby talk
Style- e.g., intimate
Genre- e.g., Joke
Idiolect- Idiosyncrasies of individual speech
Dialect- e.g., Nigerian English
Register- e.g., Baby talk
Style- e.g., intimate
Genre- e.g., Joke
Idiolect- Idiosyncrasies of individual speech
Accent- difference of pronunciation (often associated
with regional dialect)
Dialect- difference between kinds of language in
terms of vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation (sometimes really
separate language, or "languages" are really just dialects); regional
and ethnic association
Standard- the dialect or variety of the dominant
socioeconomic group
- often the written variety, or that taught in class
- sometimes a 'high' variety (cf. "Diglossia" article)
- often the written variety, or that taught in class
- sometimes a 'high' variety (cf. "Diglossia" article)
Lingua Franca- second language spoken by common
agreement by people from different language communities for social, economic or
political purposes
Pidgin- lingua franca with no native speakers
(so-called "broken"); results from merger of two or more languages,
involving simplification so that a new, but rudimentary language emerges in a special
contact situation; there are fewer lexical items, simpler grammar, and
reduction of stylistic range
Creolization- occurs when children learn a pidgin
as a first language, which then becomes the creole, reacquiring the
characteristics of a full language
Slang- special informal vocabulary
Cant- underworld slang
Argot- specialized terminology in general (so
includes cant)
Jargon- specialized terminology that may spread
from a narrow group (e.g., professional jargon) until used or understood by
population at large. Sometimes slang, cant, argot, and jargon are used
interchangeably, especially the latter three.
Speech acts- according to Austin and Searle, there
are four important categories of speech acts:
Utterance acts are simply acts of uttering sounds, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences from a language. From a speech act point of view, these are not very interesting, because an utterance act per se is not communicative (a parrot can do one).
Illocutionary act is performed in uttering something
Perlocutionary act is performed by uttering something; which produces an effect on the hearer
Propositional acts have to do with the content of utterances, the basic acts of referring and predicating, wherein a speaker refers to something and then characterizes it
Utterance acts are simply acts of uttering sounds, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences from a language. From a speech act point of view, these are not very interesting, because an utterance act per se is not communicative (a parrot can do one).
Illocutionary act is performed in uttering something
Perlocutionary act is performed by uttering something; which produces an effect on the hearer
Propositional acts have to do with the content of utterances, the basic acts of referring and predicating, wherein a speaker refers to something and then characterizes it
Illocutionary acts can often be successfully
performed simply by uttering the right explicit performative sentence, with the
right intentions and beliefs, and under the right circumstances., e.g.
(15) a. I (hereby) order you to leave.
b. I (hereby) promise to pay.
c. I (hereby) appoint you chairman.
Unlike perlocutionary acts, illocutionary acts are central to communication. Our conversations are composed of statements, suggestions, requests, proposals, greetings and the like. When we do perform perlocutionary acts such as persuading or intimidating, we do so by performing illocutionary acts such as stating or threatening. Illocutionary acts have the feature that one performs them simply by getting one's illocutionary intentions recognized.
(15) a. I (hereby) order you to leave.
b. I (hereby) promise to pay.
c. I (hereby) appoint you chairman.
Unlike perlocutionary acts, illocutionary acts are central to communication. Our conversations are composed of statements, suggestions, requests, proposals, greetings and the like. When we do perform perlocutionary acts such as persuading or intimidating, we do so by performing illocutionary acts such as stating or threatening. Illocutionary acts have the feature that one performs them simply by getting one's illocutionary intentions recognized.
CREOLE A : pidgin once it has native
speakers.
PIDGIN : A variety of a language that is
not a native language of anyone, but is learned in contact situations.
CREOLIZATION : Changes in a pidgin as a result of
adding vitality or mother tongue speakers.
DIACHRONIC VARIATION Changes in a language over time.
DIALECT : A variety of a language used
recognizably in a specific region or (a social...) by a specific social class.
DIALECTOLOGY
The search for spatially and geographically determined differences in
various aspects of the language.
diglossia : A situation when two distinct varieties of
the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of functions.
domain : Typical social situation with three
defining characteristics: place, role-relationship, and topic.
jargon : Speech used by a marked group of people
such as a trade or occupation.
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